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The cuneiform script proper emerges out of pictographic proto-writing in the later 4th millennium BC. Mesopotamia's "proto-literate" period spans the 35th to 32nd centuries BC. The first documents unequivocally written in the Sumerian language date to the 31st century, found at Jemdet Nasr.
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The Cyrus Cylinder is a document issued by Cyrus the Great, consisting of a cylinder of clay inscribed in Akkadian cuneiform script. The cylinder was created in 539 BC, surely by order of Cyrus the Great, when he took Babylon from Nabonidus, ending the Neo-Babylonian empire. This document is clearly propaganda, praising the Achemenid ruler Cyrus and treating Nabonidus like an impious and bad king.
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A new forum measuring 50x100 meters was part of the building program initiated by the Roman emperor Septimius Severus, which was continues by his son Caracalla after his death in Britain in 211 AD. The forum and basilica were placed on the side of the colonnaded street that joined the old part of the city with the newer Hadrianic bath.
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Alexandros I Balas was a Seleucid king from 152 BC to 145 BC. As the seleucid king Demetrius I Soter (162-150 BC) became more and more unpopular due to his arrogance and drunkennes, it was quite an easy task for the rival kingdoms, such as Pergamum or Egypt to stir up a revolt against him. As a competitor was lacking, two youngsters were found, a boy and a girl who were presumed to be the children of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, the uncle of Demetrius. The boy was presented to the roman Senate as the legitimate heir of the Seleucid kingdom. The Senate gave a senatus consultum authorizing the new heir to claim his kingdom (Polybius, XXXIII, 18, 6-14) - but did nothing more to strengthen this claim.
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Epona was a Celtic goddess. Her name contains an allusion to the horse: in Celtic, "epos" means “horse” and the suffix “-ona” affixed simply means “on”. Epona is the patron goddess of mares and foals.
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